C#.NET

WHAT IS C# ?

C# or C sharp is a Microsoft product developed under .net initiative program. C# is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.

C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure. C# is built on the syntax and semantics of C++, allowing C programmers to take advantage of .NET and the common language runtime. C# is a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. The most recent version of C# is 5.0, which was released on August 15th, 2012.

WHAT MAKES C# A POWERFUL LANGUAGE / WHAT MAKES IT DIFFERENT FROM C, C++, AND JAVA?

Although C# is derived from the C programming language, it introduces some unique and powerful features, such as delegates (which can be viewed as type-safe function pointers) and lambda expressions which introduce elements of functional programming languages, as well as a simpler single class inheritance model (than C++) and, for those of you with experience in "C-like" languages, a very familiar syntax that may help beginners become proficient faster than its predecessors. Similar to Java, it is object-oriented, comes with an extensive class library, and supports exception handling, multiple types of polymorphism, and separation of interfaces from implementations. Those features, combined with its powerful development tools, multi-platform support, and generics, make C# a good choice for many types of software development projects: rapid application development projects, projects implemented by individuals or large or small teams, Internet applications, and projects with strict reliability requirements. Testing frameworks such as NUnit make C# amenable to test-driven development and thus a good language for use with Extreme Programming (XP). Its strong typing helps to prevent many programming errors that are common in weakly typed languages.

WHY A COMPUTER PROGRAMMER MUST KNOW HOW TO CODE IN C#/ WHY COMPANIES SEEKING PROFESSIONALS WITH THE KNOWLEDGE OF C#.NET ?

As we know c# is a blend of c, c++, java Features and some more add-ons powerful features that can be very useful in rapid application development Environment. C# provides Programmer the advantage of creating applications for windows as well as web services for web application, it provide easy and powerful way to develop applications. it has a large support with the odbc(Open database Connectivity) major databases support odbc. And it is easy to connect and manipulate data from them.

Companies Now a days due to increase in network connectivity and increase in bandwidth And speed Companies are working on application in distributed architecture which means data is available at many places to perform tasks.

Major share of computer servers/systems are running on windows operating system which makes c#.net Application a platform to run as .net framework is shipped with the major operating system versions now.

C# is very good run time speed and the capabilities of C# applications can often be faster than C++ applications. This is due to the .Net garbage collection vs. explicit new/deletes. Run a profiler on a significant C++ app; you'll find an inordinate amount of time being spent allocating and de-allocating memory. he garbage collector not only ensures that you don't have memory leaks, but it also relieves constant thrashing and fragmentation of memory. Further, C# is not limited to rapid application development. From an implementation standpoint, you can do just about anything in C# that you can do in C++.

WHAT ARE THE DISTINGUISH FEATURES OF C#.NET / WHY C# FOR DEVELOPMENT ?

By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure (CLI).Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or Fortran. Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C and C++ (and Java, where noted) are:

C# supports strongly typed implicit variable declarations with the keyword var, and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword new[] followed by a collection initializer.

Meta programming via C# attributes is part of the language. Many of these attributes duplicate the functionality of GCC's and Visual C++'s platform-dependent preprocessor directives.

Like C++, and unlike Java, C# programmers must use the keyword virtual to allow methods to be overridden by subclasses.

Extension methods in C# allow programmers to use static methods as if they were methods from a class's method table, allowing programmers to add methods to an object that they feel should exist on that object and its derivatives.

The type dynamic allows for run-time method binding, allowing for JavaScript like method calls and run-time object composition.

C# has support for strongly-typed function pointers via the keyword delegate.

Like the Qt framework's pseudo-C++ signal and slot, C# has semantics specifically surrounding publish-subscribe style events, though C# uses delegates to do so.

C# offers Java-like synchronized method calls, via the attribute [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)], and has support for mutually-exclusive locks via the keyword lock.

The C# languages does not allow for global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions.

C#, unlike Java, supports operator overloading. Only the most commonly overloaded operators in C++ may be overloaded in C#.

C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy constructors and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default.

HISTORY OF C# / EVOLUTION OF C# LANGUAGE ?

C# or c Sharp at its earlier stages know as Cool which stood for "C-like Object Oriented Language"

Microsoft had considered keeping the name "Cool" as the final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. So in July 2000 Professional Developers Conference, the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and ASP.NET runtime had been ported to C#.

The development of c# started in January 1999, when Anders Hejlsberg formed a team to build a new language at the time called Cool(now as c#), the class libraries were originally written using a managed code compiler system called Simple Managed C (SMC).

Anders Hejlsberg is also involved in development of many other languages. In technical documentation he started that flaws in most major programming languages (e.g. C++, Java, Delphi, and Smalltalk) drove the fundamentals of the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C# language itself.

VERSIONS OF C#

The first version of c# 1.0 was available in January 2002 with .NET Framework 1.0 and CLR Version 1.0 and In April 2003 Microsoft introduced C# version 1.2 with .NET Framework 1.1 and CLR Version 1.1

Features:

Use of Managed Code was introduced in this version.

In November 2005 c# version 2.0 was launched with .NET Framework 2.0 and CLR Version 2.0

Having Features like:

• Generics
• Partial types
• Anonymous methods
• Iterators
• Nullable types
• Private setters (properties)
• Method group conversions (delegates)
• Covariance and Contra-variance
• Static classes

In November 2007 Microsoft introduced a new version of c# 3.0 and with NET Framework 2.0 (Except LINQ/Query Extensions), .NET Framework 3.0 (Except LINQ/Query Extensions), .NET Framework 3.5 with CLR Version 2.0

Features like:

• Implicitly typed local variables
• Object and collection initializers
• Auto-Implemented properties
• Anonymous types
• Extension methods
• Query expressions
• Lambda expressions
• Expression trees
• Partial Methods

In April 2010 new version of c# 4.0 was Introduced with NET Framework 4.0 and CLR Version 4.0

Features like :

• Dynamic binding
• Named and optional arguments
• Generic co- and contravariance
• Embedded interop types ("NoPIA")

In August 2012 c# version 5.0 was introduced with .NET Framework 4.5 and CLR version 4.5

Features like:

• Asynchronous methods
• Caller info attributes

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